Confessions of an Economic Hitman

Confessions of an Economic Hit man John Perkins The reasons as to why I selected this book was heavily weighted on my personal interests. The fact that I am interested in matters of economics, imperialism, capitalism and deception and corruption on a government level, made reviewing Confessions of an economic hit man an enjoyable experience. â€Å"For them, this is a war about the survival of their children and cultures, while for us it is about power, money and natural resources. It is one part of the struggle for world domination and the dream of a few greedy men, global empire. † (prologue) If confessions of an economic Hit man had to be summarised in a sentence, the quotation above should give you the reader briefly; a general inquest into some of the main topics of discussion in the book. The author (John Perkins) describes in great depth the conflicts of interests between the developed and the developing world whilst integrating his life journey as part of a riveting and gripping novel. The book begins in the 1960’s and the author gives a personal account of his life, family and education threw till 1971, the year in which John Perkins became an â€Å"Economic Hit man†. Confessions of an economic Hit man tells a tale of how John Perkins amongst others exploited oil exporting countries such as Ecuador, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela and Indonesia but to name a few names, in order for them to become indebted to the United States of America. John Perkins goes into grave detail in explaining how America has become probably the most powerful political and economic force in the world. The elements of genius and deception mixed with the strategic approaches of the so called economic hit men (â€Å"EHM’s†) gives an insight as to how these oil rich countries become indebted to the powerhouses of America such as the large engineering corporations, banks, CEO’s and politicians. In order to explain how EHMs go about their work, the author has chosen to make references to the Mafia, through these references it can be understood just how these strategies where implemented in to helping the American economy grow according to the views, expressions and experiences of John Perkins. Like our counterparts in the mafia EHMs provide favors. These take the forms of loans to develop infrastrucure – electric generating plants, highways, ports airports or industrial parks. † (prolouge) EHMs pronounce the idea of taking out large loans to the leaders of some of the countries named previously. The main intention of providing countries these inflated l oans, is in the end for these countries to default on the loan payments and in turn to be indebted to the USA. An important part of the process was making sure the infrastructure that was to be built, was built by American engineering firms such as MAIN, which John Perkins initially worked for. This factor was important as a large sum of the loan was instantly injected back in to the American economy via the engineering firms. If the EHMs are completely successful and the default on the loan payments occurs (which it inevitably will) then as the author puts it so well â€Å"when this happens, then like the mafia we demand our pound of flesh† (prologue). As a result America often try to command some of the following; control over United Nations votes, the installation of military bases, or access to resources such as oil. Thus a country has been added to the â€Å"global empire†. The author tries to diagnose what is wrong with the strategic decisions being made by the American government, himself and other economic hit men in the past by showing the consequences the strategic decisions have. Not only on the ones who reap the benefits from these decisions but of those who are affected negatively. An example of this is how the indigenous people of Ecuador were affected by the oil companies invading the very environments in which those people live and the destruction of cultures, habitats, wildlife and the people of Ecuador who lived in such areas. To give another example as to what is wrong with the strategic decisions made in the past in regards to the protagonist, the Mafia reference can be referred to once again. Mafia bosses often start out as street thugs. But over time, the ones who make it to the top transform their appearance. They take to wearing impeccably tailored suits and owning legitimate businesses. † â€Å"They are quick to lend money to those in desperate straits† They appear to be model citizens. However beneath this patina is a trail of blood† (page 139) Using the mafia analogy it is clear to diagnose what is wrong with the strategic decisions that have been made in the past and are still being made now in regards to, how governments and EHMs leave behind trails of blood just as Mafia bosses can in order to carry out their business. But the â€Å"model citizens† who are in disguise such as EHMs are seen in a completely different light in that to crime lords. Many strategies have been devised by empires over centuries, these strategies and decisions have helped shape the world as it is in its present state. The author explains how strategic decisions made in the past were the wrong decisions in his opinion, as John Perkins had seen first hand the devastation that could be caused by the American government in its pursuit for a â€Å"global empire†. An example of this is how in the 1960’s, a key strategy was being implemented by the world governments. This was the switch from neoclassical economics to Keynesian economics. In America this switch happened under the reigns of presidents Kennedy and Johnson. The switch to Keynesian economics meant that the government would play a major role in managing markets and in regards to welfare: health, unemployment, compensation and other forms of welfare. This now meant that government intervention was at an all time high. The author explains how a one Robert McNamara who at the time was the secretary of defense and then went on to become the president of the World Bank, had the single most important influence on the switch to Keynesian economics. â€Å"McNamara became a strong advocate of a Keynesian approach to government, using mathematical models and statistical approaches to determine troop levels, allocation of funds, and other strategies. His advocacy of â€Å"aggressive leadership† became a hallmark not only of government managers but also of corporate executives. It formed the basis of a new philosophical approach to teaching management at the nation’s top business schools, and it ultimately led to a new breed of CEOs who would spearhead the rush to global empire. (page 79) The author goes on to stress the importance of such an event and how the decisions which lead up to Robert McNamara becoming the president of the most powerful bank in the world. The strategic decision of developing and switching to Keynesian economics which lead to the World Bank becoming an agent in the â€Å"global empire† was described by the author as â€Å"Robert McNamara’s greatest and most sinister contribution to history†. page 79) Another key Strategic decision made in 1975 this time by John Perkins was one which shaped global economics at the time. It was that of an innovative approach to economic forecasting originally formed by a Russian mathematician. This was the Markhov method of economic modeling. The strategic decision made by the protagonist in this case John Perkins was one that would affect entire societies. Of course as explained before a EHMs role was to land large loans upon the shoulders of countries which would not be capable to afford the repayment of these loans. It was exactly what we wanted a tool that scientifically â€Å"proved† we were doing countries a favour by helping them incur debts they would never be able to pay off. In addition, only a highly skilled econometrician with lots of time and money would possibly comprehend the intricacies of markhov or question its conclusions†. (page 102) Together with the help of a Dr Nadipuram Prasad, John Perkins presented Markhov as a revolutionary method for forecasting investment on infrastructure. Now backed with â€Å"facts† and figures, EHMs such as John Perkins became very successful at what they did. This shows what was fundamentally wrong with USA at the time as the implementation of such devious strategy was used to exploit countries who had lesser knowledge economically and who were desperate to have a high flying economy like that of the US and also emulate some of the US infrastructure, such as shopping malls and airports. The author tries to make it fundamentally clear that the strategic decisions made by himself and the American government were wrong in every sense of the imagination. The author paints men such as George Bush, George Shultz and Robert McNamara with the same brush. He believes under their regimes people like himself were pawns in a game in which such men wanted the result to be: â€Å":an america that controlled the world and all its resources, a world that answered to the commands of that america, a U. S military that would enforce rules as they were written by america, and an international trade and banking system that supported america as CEO of the global empire. † (page 155) Through the experiences of the protagonist and the guilt that was felt through such a personal journey John Perkins makes his confessions clear but also tries to lead the reader into new strategic directions and influence society along the way. John Perkins essentially admits to feeling regret for some of his actions but through his writings he tried to correct some of his past mistakes as he aims to educate a new generation on some of the corruption which shapes all of our futures. â€Å"Most importantly this story must be told because today, for the first time in history, one nation has the ability, the money and the power t change all this. It is the nation where I was born and the one I served as an EHM: the United States of America† (page 219) An example of this is how John Perkins makes references and implications as to how the most powerful firms in the world have at their disposal, quite essentially the power and money to change global problems such as starvation and common diseases. â€Å"the big corporations, banks and government bureaucracies – that threaten the republic could be used instead to institute fundamental changes in the world. Such institutions possess the communications networks and transportation systems necessary to end disease, starvation, and even wars – if they could only be convinced to take that course. † page 128) To this example, John Perkins mentions it on numerous occasions but this quotation would best sum up how John Perkins tries to influence the reader on reviewing new strategic directions. John Perkins does not only attempt to influence entire societies or countries as shown with the previous examples but he also attempts to interact with the reader. In the epilogue John Perkins interacts with the reader and attempts to influence the reader in implementing new strategies in their lives in an attempt to make a difference on some of the issues discussed in this book review. An example of this is where John Perkins states â€Å"so the burden falls on to you to see the truth beneath the veneer and to expose it. Speak to your family and friends; spread the word. † (page 221). In regard to this John Perkins attempts to influence people’s day to day lives, from â€Å"downsizing† homes, wardrobes cars and to even consider meditation instead of shopping. He then goes on to mention household brand names such as Nike, McDonalds and Coca Cola in a clear attempt to influence the reader that these organizations have the ability to make their primary goals to clothe and feed the world’s poorest. John Perkins almost pushes the idea of equality on the reader as he uses his strong beliefs to try and make the reader consider new strategic directions as strategy after all is not just something that is implemented on a business level but something that can be implemented in one’s life. My opinion of this novel is that I have found it to be enthralling and the argument the protagonist makes is a very convincing and detailed one. It is clear to see that the feelings of the protagonist are extremely strong. So, however strong his argument, one must consider that the story is that of one man’s opinion and in all probability, possibly biased. The main argument the protagonist makes is that of one that takes me back to the very first quotation I had used from the book, that of â€Å"greedy men, and global empire† and how it is shaping the world and how essentially things must change. An example of why the story of John Perkins could be found so convincing is an example of today’s current economic climate. The greed of the some of the world’s largest banks has lead to a recession in which very few may have predicted. This recession has of course caused many of us to struggle. I believe steps could have been taken to stop this if such high levels of deception were not amongst the CEO’s and corporate leaders of some of the world’s leading financial institutions. As I do find the protagonists story and argument convincing I do not agree with it, as in a time of extreme capitalism and globalization many of us are powerless to stop events described in the novel and a current example of today’s recession from happening. Overall the book was a more than an interesting read and possibly an eye opener to many who do not have knowledge or understanding of some of the views expressed in the book. So I would not hesitate to recommend this to anyone who takes similar interest into economics, imperialism and government corruption as I have. Word Count: 2028

Transformational Leader Profile

Transformational leadership is a topic of immense interest these days.   Many individuals possess the makings of a transformational leader but do not know exactly what it means, or how to realize their own ambitions in order to change human lives.   In this sense, observing able leaders with proven leadership abilities is an excellent resource for inspiration.   For example, American TV host and celebrity leader, Oprah Winfrey presents one of the most remarkable personalities in the American media.   Her path has not been easy, but thanks to her skills and leadership potential she has exerted influence on the lives of many people. What Is Transformational Leadership The concept of transformational leadership evolved in juxtaposition with that of transactional leadership.   In The Model of Transactional and Transformational Leaders (1978), a transactional leader is defined as one who, â€Å"approaches followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for another: jobs for votes, or subsidies for campaign contributions† (Burns, 1978).   From this statement we learn that the role of the transactional leader derives itself from the types of structures that an individual participates in. In contrast, a transformational leader, â€Å"recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower†¦(and) looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower† (Boje, 2000).   Transformational leaders can range from being intellectual, to heroic; even normal everyday individuals with a dream and the will to make it come true as well. In most cases, transformational leaders tend to radically change the viewpoints of the societies they live in.   A transformational leader possesses the capabilities and desire to develop a vision and inspire other people to follow it.   As a result, a profound cultural change occurs that reshapes the existence of many people impacted by their leader’s actions. Oprah Winfrey as a Transformational Leader Oprah Winfrey has become a remarkable personality in the media, acting in many various spheres.   She is not only a TV host: she also poses as, â€Å"magazine founder, educator and philanthropist† and â€Å"one of the most respected and admired public figures today† (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006).   Starting from humble beginnings, Oprah succeeded in becoming one of the best-known American celebrities of modern television. She exerts dramatic impact on the lives of people in this country and those living beyond its boundaries. At the time Oprah Winfrey started her career on TV, she was the first African American woman â€Å"to anchor the news at Nashville’s WTVF-TV† (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006).   As her online website produced by Harpo Inc. tells us, she obtained this job after she gained experience at WVOL radio in Nashville, Tennessee. After a succession of jobs, Oprah was appointed to lead her first talk show, AM Chicago, broadcast in the morning.   Surprisingly to many, with her talent, Oprah soon eclipsed the revered Phil Donahue as her show became even more popular than his. (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006)., Oprah found luck in the television world, as television viewers soon fell in love with her personality and motivating shows. Even the politics of the broadcasting networks could not deny her popularity. Since then her success has been driven by her ability to impress people with her talents. Oprah’s transformational leadership comes from her success in refashioning herself and overcoming her traumatic past. Kyra Kirkwood (2005), tells us in her, Business Hero: Oprah, article that the television star was born on Jan. 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. During her childhood Oprah suffered from physical and mental abuse when living with her mother.   The unhappy relationship between herself and her mother caused young Oprah to run away from home at the age of thirteen.   She left her mother to go on to Nashville, â€Å"to live with her ultra-strict father† (Kirkwood, 2005). Many would have remained troubled for a lifetime by an unfortunate experience of this magnitude.   However, Oprah’s inner strength allowed her to cope with it.   Moreover, as a true transformational leader, she shares her experience with others in order to help them take hold of their lives.   Her words console many women who try to cope with the social models of submissive behavior. Although derogatory and unwanted, society continues to mold women into these confusing roles.   Oprah, as stated by Kirkwood (2005), remembered in her adult life the following things about her childhood victimization: . . . one knows part of the process for me as an adult has been recognizing that my inability as an adult female to say ‘No,’ my disease to please as a female, is the same thing that caused me to be victimized as a child.   Many times, I would get myself into situations as an adult where I did not want to hurt anybody’s feelings or want anybody angry with me. (Oprah, as quoted by Kirkwood, 2005). Transformational leadership surfaces in the statement as testament that Oprah is able to recognize the root cause of her problem and rise above conventional wisdom that she has learned from her environment.   As a leader, she takes applies her wisdom and offers the knowledge from the lessons she has learned to help others. She develops a more general vision of women’s predicaments and the resulting psychology, and makes her vision known to the public. She encourages people to give voice to their emotions when they get abused, â€Å"You tell everybody until somebody listens to you† (Kirkwood, 2005).   In this way Oprah emerges as a leader who, through her success story, transforms the lives of many women. She continues showing viewers the path of success she had to travel from a gloomy and stressful beginning. Oprah Teaching Leadership One project in which Oprah directly commits to spreading knowledge of how to be a female leader is through her participation in, and founding of, the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls-South Africa.   The Academy founded in cooperation with Nelson Mandela, the South African Ministry of Education Professor Kader Asmal and Guateng MEC of Education Ignatius Jacobs, is to become the basis for women’s leadership in South Africa   (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006).   There girls can learn to make a contribution to their environment in order and take advantage of their inborn talents. With this project, Oprah makes a commitment to change the lives of girls, hoping to empower them with knowledge and skills they may otherwise have left undeveloped.   Students of the school take a stand against the male-dominated world saying that the biased social setup is to end soon and that women are â€Å"prepared to share power† (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006). Oprah’s project intends to teach students how to share power effectively.   With this effort, she demonstrates the true transformational quality that is going to affect the lives of the girls in the remote parts of the world. The goal revolves around taking them out of their habitual roles and teaching them to add a new dimension to their lives.   Although the girls may not seen Oprah that often, they will undoubtedly be inspired by meetings with her. Having her for a role model, and continuously following her example will impressively affect their lives. Influencing the Lives of People Oprah’s reach goes far beyond the lives of a group of girls in South Africa.   Hosting an influential show in a nation as large as the United States, her words are heard by millions of viewers each day.   What sets her apart from other talk show hosts and makes her a transformational leader is that people do not just listen to her words for entertainment; they often take them as a guide to action, a powerful guide that motivates many good deeds. In her show in 1997, she â€Å"encouraged viewers to use their lives to make a difference in the lives of others, which led to the creation of the public charity Oprah’s Angel Network in 1998† (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006).   So far the organization has been responsible for the collection of over $50 million that was utilized for the construction of shelters and homes. These structures now house women and youth all around the world.   Activities such as this have helped change the lives of many people who have been blessed with the charity funds. Perhaps even more important was Oprah’s influence on those who moved forward to help the cause when she appealed to the public.   People who otherwise did not give thought to charity as a way to help others now became active donors of the network, helping others reach their goals and improve quality of life.   This action represents a very good use of the TV show as a way to change people’s mentality for the better. Consequently, new horizons opened to them for moral development instead of just another television program entertaining them with stories. In fact, this is the main strength of Oprah’s show.   She likes to present her viewers with a story that is not merely entertaining but also has a deep moral message or presents a challenge.   The ensuing debate can become a trigger to many, spurring them to re-evaluate their opinions and reconsider views. In doing so, Oprah does not act as a boring moralizer; she presents herself as the same down-to-earth, sympathetic woman she was in her first days on TV.   Awards and financial success have not made her lose her head or become arrogant.   In fact, her spiritual closeness and understanding of the people she addresses in her show makes her message both powerful and penetrating.   Analyzing her leadership ability, one can say that she possesses superior communication skills that make her ideas appealing to a wide variety of people. Oprah takes every opportunity to reach the hearts and minds of people.   Thanks to her appeal to the audience, her productions in almost every environment soon become popular.   For example, her publication called Oprah’s Magazine currently is one of the most popular women’s publications with an audience of 2.4 million readers a month (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006). When she launched Oprah.com website on women’s lifestyle, it also gained popularity. It now reports to average 64 million page views and more than three million users per month, plus receives approximately 12,000-15,000 emails each week.   She is also the creator of Dr. Phil syndicated show with Harpo Productions, Inc., co-founder of Oxygen Media cable television network, founder of Oprah and Friends radio channel on XM Satellite Radio, and producer of the musical Color Purple that was launched in 2005 in Broadway Theater in New York City (Harpo Productions, Inc., 2006). This broad variety of activities demonstrates Oprah’s multi-faceted talents and interest in affecting people’s lives in many different ways using various means available. Oprah’s Influence on My Personal Leadership Style I believe that Oprah’s impact was instrumental in helping me shape my personal leadership style.   Her ability to be appealing without appearing pompous and pretentious is something I try to imitate when developing my personal communication skills.   I think well developed presentation and communication skills are the key to successful leadership, and Oprah Winfrey is an excellent model of both.   Maintaining an unassuming and emotional style, she can address her audience on serious issues, and I think it would be excellent to learn this skill as well. My life was also affected by observing Oprah taking responsibility for other people’s destinies, as in the case of the academy she founded for South African girls.   I agree with her idea that when one sees thing’s being far from perfect, one should learn to say â€Å"No† and take some positive action to remedy it.   In this sense, I am trying to follow Oprah’s socially active position on things. At the same time, I also find her leadership attractive because she perceives people with her heart just as much as with her mind.   In my view, this is the most effective path to transformational leadership. It includes giving people emotional support and warmth and trying to help them become more secure emotionally.   Oprah’s kindness and caring attitude are among her strongest qualities as a leader, and these I would like to emulate. Oprah Winfrey is the kind of person who realized her potential in the face of adverse circumstances.   Her talent put her in public spotlight, making her a leader with power to transform the lives of millions.   She used her clout with the public very wisely and responsibly, inspiring many to reconsider their lives and empowering them to do good to other people.   This, in my opinion, makes her a truly transformational leader whose achievements are to be admired. References Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York: Free  Press. Boje, D. (2000).   Transformational Leadership.   Retrieved on June 6, 2006, from Harpo Productions, Inc., (2006).   Oprah Winfrey's Biography. Retrieved on June 6, 2006 from http://www.oprah.com/about/press/about_press_bio.jhtml Kirkwood, K. (2005) Business Hero: Oprah. The My Hero Project. Retrieved on June 6, 2006 from http://myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=oprahhero ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Literary Devices Essay

A form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Alliteration The repetition of the same sound at the beginning of a word, such as the repetition of b sounds in Keats’s â€Å"beaded bubbles winking at the brim† (â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†) or Coleridge’s â€Å"Five miles meandering in a mazy motion (â€Å"Kubla Khan†). A common use for alliteration is emphasis. It occurs in everyday speech in such phrases as â€Å"tittle-tattle,† â€Å"bag and baggage,† â€Å"bed and board,† â€Å"primrose path,† and â€Å"through thick and thin† and in sayings like â€Å"look before you leap.† Some literary critics call the repetition of any sounds alliteration. However, there are specialized terms for other sound-repetitions. Consonance repeats consonants, but not the vowels, as in horror-hearer. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds, please-niece-ski-tree. Allusion A brief reference to a person, event, place, or phrase. The writer assumes readers will recognize the reference. For instance, most of us would know the difference between one being as reliable as George Washington or as reliable as Benedict Arnold. Allusions that are commonplace for readers in one era may require footnotes for readers in a later time. Ambiguity (1) A statement that has two or more possible meanings; (2) a statement whose meaning is unclear. Depending on the circumstances, ambiguity can be negative, leading to confusion or even disaster (the ambiguous wording of a general’s note led to the deadly charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War). On the other hand, writers often use it to achieve special effects, for instance, to reflect the complexity of an issue or to indicate the difficulty, perhaps the impossibility, of determining truth. Many of Hamlet’s statements to the King, to Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern, and to other characters are deliberately ambiguous, to hide his real purpose from them. Analogy The comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship. The key is to ascertain the relationship between the first so you can choose the correct second pair. Part to whole, opposites and results of are types of relationships you should find. Anecdote Short tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical incident. Anthropomorphism Used with God or gods. The act of attributing human forms or qualities to entities that are not human. Specifically, anthropomorphism is the describing of gods or goddesses in human forms and possessing human characteristics such as jealousy, hatred, or love. Mythologies of ancient peoples were almost entirely concerned with anthropomorphic gods. The Greek gods such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in anthropomorphic forms. The avatars of the Hindu god Vishnu possessed human forms and qualities. Antihero A protagonist who has the opposite of most of the traditional attributes of a hero. He or she may be bewildered, ineffectual, deluded, or merely pathetic. Often what antiheroes learn, if they learn anything at all, is that the world isolates them in an existence devoid of God and absolute values. Yossarian from Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is an example of an antihero. Aphorism A brief saying embodying a moral, a concise statement of a principle or precept given in pointed words. Example: * Hippocrates: Life is short, art is long, opportunity fleeting, experimenting dangerous, reasoning difficult. * Alexander Pope: Some praise at morning what they blame at night. * Ralph Waldo Emerson: Imitation is suicide * Benjamin Franklin: Lost time is never found again. Apostrophe A direct address to a person, thing, or abstraction, such as â€Å"O Western Wind,† or â€Å"Ah, Sorrow, you consume us.† Apostrophes are generally capitalized. Archetype A term used to describe universal symbols that evoke deep and sometimes unconscious responses in a reader. In literature, characters, images, and themes that symbolically embody universal meanings and basic human experiences, regardless of when or where they live, are considered archetypes. Common literary archetypes include stories of quests, initiations, scapegoats, descents to the underworld, and ascents to heaven. See also mythological criticism. Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds, please-niece-ski-tree. Cadence The melodic pattern just before the end of a sentence or phrase – for instance an interrogation or an exhortation. More generally, the natural rhythm of language depending on the position of stressed and unstressed syllables. Cadence is a major component of individual writers’ styles. A cadence group is a coherent group of words spoken as a single rhythmic unit, such as a prepositional phrase, â€Å"of parting day† or a noun phrase, â€Å"our inalienable rights.† Catharsis Meaning â€Å"purgation,† catharsis describes the release of the emotions of pity and fear by the audience at the end of a tragedy. In his Poetics, Aristotle discusses the importance of catharsis. The audience faces the misfortunes of the protagonist, which elicit pity and compassion. Simultaneously, the audience also confronts the failure of the protagonist, thus receiving a frightening reminder of human limitations and frailties. Ultimately, however, both of these emotions are purged because the tragic protagonist’s suffering is an affirmation of human values rather than a despairing denial of them. See also tragedy. Clichà © An idea or expression that has become tired and trite from overuse, its freshness and clarity having worn off. Clichà ©s often anesthetize readers, and are usually a sign of weak writing. Colloquial Refers to a type of informal diction that reflects casual, conversational language and often includes slang. Connotation The emotions, values, or images associated with a word. The intensity of emotions or the power of the values and images associated with a word varies. Words connected with religion, politics and sex tend to have the strongest feelings and images associated with them.†¨ For most people, the word mother calls up very strong positive feelings and associations – loving, self-sacrificing, always there for you, understanding, etc.; the denotative meaning, on the other hand, is simply â€Å"a female animal who has borne one or more children.† Of course connotative meanings do not necessarily reflect reality; for instance, if someone said, â€Å"His mother is not very motherly,† you would immediately understand the difference between motherly (connotation) and mother (denotation). Consonance Repeats consonants, but not the vowels, as in horror-hearer Deism An intellectual religious movement en vogue through the late seventeenth century up to the late eighteenth century concerned with rational rather than faith-based approaches to religion and understanding God. The movement is often associated with the Enlightenment movement, Neoclassicism, and Free Masonry. In general, Deists prided themselves on free-thinking and logic and tended to reject any specific dogma, so it is difficult to define the beliefs of an individual Deist without referring to generalities. Deists were heavily influenced by John Locke’s mechanistic philosophy and Newtonian physics, seeing the universe as a place ruled rationally by cause and effect. They tended to see God as an impersonal but intelligent force, a first cause that created the universe and set it in motion, who then allowed life and matter to proceed on its own without further need for divine intervention. The logic is that, if God is infallible, omniscient and omnipotent, logically he would pre- establish his design in the world in such a way that he would not need to tinker constantly with it or adjust it through supernatural intervention. Deistic writings often refer to the Deity using metaphors of the architect, the watchmaker, the mason, or some other skilled worker who measures out the universe with geometric and mechanical precision. Thus, a common Deist metaphor compares the universe to a perfectly designed watch or clock – a construct created with complex gears and moving parts, then wound up, and finally released to operate on its own without any more effort on the creator’s part. Denotation The literal meaning of a word; there are no emotions, values, or images associated with denotative meaning. Scientific and mathematical language carries few, if any emotional or connotative meanings. Dialect The language of a particular district, class, or group of persons. The term dialect encompasses the sounds, spelling, grammar, and diction employed by a specific people as distinguished from other persons either geographically or socially. Dialect is a major technique of characterization that reveals the social or geographic status of a character. Diction A writer’s choice of words, phrases, sentence structures, and figurative language, which combine to help create meaning. Formal diction consists of a dignified, impersonal, and elevated use of language; it follows the rules of syntax exactly and is often characterized by complex words and lofty tone. Middle diction maintains correct language usage, but is less elevated than formal diction; it reflects the way most educated people speak. Informal diction represents the plain language of everyday use, and often includes idiomatic expressions, slang, contractions, and many simple, common words. Poetic diction refers to the way poets sometimes employ an elevated diction that deviates significantly from the common speech and writing of their time, choosing words for their supposedly inherent poetic qualities. Since the eighteenth century, however, poets have been incorporating all kinds of diction in their work and so there is no longer an automatic distinction between the language of a poet and the language of everyday speech Enjambment A line having no pause or end punctuation but having uninterrupted grammatical meaning continuing into the next line – usually applied to poetic formats. Euphemism Using a mild or gentle phrase instead of a blunt, embarrassing, or painful one. For instance, saying â€Å"Grandfather has gone to a better place† is a euphemism for â€Å"Grandfather has died.† The idea is to put something bad, disturbing, or embarrassing in an inoffensive or neutral light. Frequently, words referring directly to death, unpopular politics, blasphemy, crime, and sexual or excremental activities are replaced by euphemisms. Farce A farce is a form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter through highly exaggerated caricatures of people in improbable or silly situations. Traits of farce include (1) physical bustle such as slapstick, (2) sexual misunderstandings and mix-ups, and (3) broad verbal humor such as puns. Many literary critics (especially in the Victorian period) have tended to view farce as inferior to â€Å"high comedy† that involves brilliant dialogue. Many of Shakespeare’s early works, such as The Taming of the Shrew, are considered farces. Flashback Action that interrupts to show an event that happened at an earlier time which is necessary to better understanding. Foil A secondary character who contrasts with a major character; in Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras, whose fathers have been killed, are foils for Hamlet. Foreshadowing Where the author drops subtle hints about the plot development to come later in the story. Hyperbole Exaggeration, often extravagant; it may be used for serious or for comic effect. Idiom In its loosest sense, the word idiom is often used as a synonym for dialect or idiolect. In its more scholarly and narrow sense, an idiom or idiomatic expression refers to a construction or expression in one language that cannot be matched or directly translated word-for-word in another language. For instance, the English expression, â€Å"She has a bee in her bonnet,† meaning â€Å"she is obsessed,† cannot be literally translated into another language word for word. It is a non-literal idiomatic expression, akin to â€Å"She is green with envy.† In the same way, the Spanish phrase, â€Å"Me gustan los arboles,† is usually translated as, â€Å"I like the trees,† but if we were to pull the phrase apart and read it word for word, it would make no sense in analytical English (i.e., â€Å"To me pleases the trees†). Imagery Language that evokes one or all of the five senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching. Each of these types of imagery has a specific name: * Olfactory imagery stimulates the sense of smell. * Tactile imagery stimulates the sense of touch. * Visual imagery stimulates the sense of sight. * Auditory imagery stimulates the sense of hearing. * Gustatory imagery stimulates the sense of taste. * Kinesthesia is imagery that recreates a feeling of physical action or natural bodily function (like a pulse, a heartbeat, or breathing). * Synaesthesia is imagery that involves the use of one sense to evoke another (Ex: loud color; warm gesture). Irony The discrepancy (incongruity) between what is said and what is meant, what is said and what is done, what is expected or intended and what happens, what is meant or said and what others understand. Sometimes irony is classified into types: in situational irony, expectations aroused by a situation are reversed; in cosmic irony or the irony of fate, misfortune is the result of fate, chance or God; in dramatic irony, the audience knows more than the characters in the play, so that words and action have additional meaning for the audience; Socractic irony is named after Socrates’ teaching method, whereby he assumes ignorance and openness to opposing points of view which turn out to be (he shows them to be) foolish. Metaphor A comparison of two dissimilar things, which does not use â€Å"like† or â€Å"as,† Metonymy Substituting a word for another word closely associated with it. Queen Elizabeth controlled the crown for years. The crown = the monarchy He has always loved the stage. The stage = the theater He will follow the cross. The cross = Christianity Motif (1) A recurrent thematic element in an artistic or literary work. (2) A dominant theme or central idea. Mood The emotional attitude the author takes towards the subject. Narrator The voice of the person telling the story, not to be confused with the author’s voice. With a first-person narrator, the I in the story presents the point of view of only one character. The reader is restricted to the perceptions, thoughts and feelings of that single character. First-person narrators can play either a major or a minor role in the story they are telling. An unreliable narrator reveals an interpretation of events that is somehow different from the author’s own interpretation of those events. Often, the unreliable narrator’s perception of plot, characters, and setting becomes the actual subject of the story. Narrators can be unreliable for a number of reasons: they might lack self-knowledge, they might be inexperienced, or they might even be insane. Naive narrators are usually characterized by youthful innocence, such as Mark Twain’s Huck Finn or J. D. Salinger’s Holden Caulfield. An omniscient narrator is an all-knowing narrator who i s not a character in the story and who can move from place to place and pass back and forth through time, slipping into and out of characters as no human being possibly could in real life. Omniscient narrators can report the thoughts and feelings of the characters, as well as their words and actions. The narrator of The Scarlet Letter is an omniscient narrator. Editorial omniscience refers to an intrusion by the narrator in order to evaluate a character for a reader, as when the narrator of The Scarlet Letter describes Hester’s relationship to the Puritan community. Narration that allows the characters’ actions and thoughts to speak for themselves is called neutral omniscience. Most modern writers use neutral omniscience so that readers can reach their own conclusions. Limited omniscience occurs when an author restricts a narrator to the single perspective of either a major or minor character. The way people, places, and events appear to that character is the way they appear to the reader. Sometimes a limited omniscient narrator can see into more than one character, particularly in a work that focuses on two characters alternately from one chapter to the next. Short stories, however, are frequently limited to a single character’s point of view. Onomatopoeia A word whose sounds seem to duplicate the sounds they describe–hiss, buzz, bang, murmur, meow, growl. Oxymoron A statement with two parts that seem contradictory; examples: sad joy, a wise fool, the sound of silence, or Hamlet’s saying, â€Å"I must be cruel only to be kind.† Parable A story or short narrative designed to allegorically reveal some religious principle, moral lesson, psychological reality, or general truth. Rather than using abstract discussion, a parable always teaches by comparison with real or literal occurrences, especially everyday occurrences a wide number of people can relate to. Well known examples of parables include those found in the Gospels, such as â€Å"The Prodigal Son† and â€Å"The Good Samaritan.† Paradox A statement whose two parts seem contradictory yet make sense with more thought. Christ used paradox in his teaching: â€Å"They have ears but hear not.† Or in ordinary conversation, we might use a paradox, â€Å"Deep down he’s really very shallow.† Paradox attracts the reader’s or the listener’s attention and gives emphasis. Parody A parody imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work in order to make fun of those same features. The humorist achieves parody by exaggerating certain traits common to the work, much as a caricaturist creates a humorous depiction of a person by magnifying and calling attention to the person’s most noticeable features. The term parody is often used synonymously with the more general term spoof, which makes fun of the general traits of a genre rather than one particular work or author. Often the subject matter of a parody is comically inappropriate, such as using the elaborate, formal diction of an epic to describe something trivial like washing socks or cleaning a dusty attic. Persona A mask for the author to speak through. In literature, a persona is a speaker created by a writer to tell a story or to speak in a poem. A persona is not a character in a story or narrative, nor does a persona necessarily directly reflect the author’s personal voice. A persona is a separate self, created by and distinct from the author, through which he or she speaks. Personification Treating abstractions or inanimate objects as human, that is, giving them human attributes, powers, or feelings, e.g., â€Å"nature wept† or â€Å"the wind whispered many truths to me.† Point of view Refers to who tells us a story and how it is told. What we know and how we feel about the events in a work are shaped by the author’s choice of point of view. The teller of the story, the narrator, inevitably affects our understanding of the characters’ actions by filtering what is told through his or her own perspective. The various points of view that writers draw upon can be grouped into two broad categories: (1) the third-person narrator uses he, she, or they to tell the story and does not participate in the action; and (2) the first-person narrator uses I and is a major or minor participant in the action. In addition, a second-person narrator, you, is also possible, but is rarely used because of the awkwardness of thrusting the reader into the story, as in â€Å"You are minding your own business on a park bench when a drunk steps out and demands your lunch bag.† An objective point of view employs a third-person narrator who does not see into the mind of any character. From this detached and impersonal perspective, the narrator reports action and dialogue without telling us directly what the characters think and feel. Since no analysis or interpretation is provided by the narrator, this point of view places a premium on dialogue, actions and details to reveal character to the reader. Pun The usually humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound. It consists of a deliberate confusion of similar words or phrases for rhetorical effect, whether humorous or serious. It can rely on the assumed equivalency of multiple similar words (homonymy), of different shades of meaning of one word (polysemy), or of a literal meaning with a metaphor. Bad puns are often considered to be cheesy. * A hangover is the wrath of grapes. * Without geometry, life is pointless. * Reading while sunbathing makes you well-red. Repetition The return of a word, phrase, stanza form, or effect in any form of literature. Repetition is an effective literary device that may bring comfort, suggest order, or add special meaning to a piece of literature. Satire A literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, often with the intent of correcting, or changing, the subject of the satiric attack. Simile A comparison of two dissimilar things using â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† Stereotype A simplified and/or standardized conception or image with specific meaning, often held in common by members of a group. A stereotype can be a conventional and oversimplified conception, opinion or image. Stereotypes can range from those that are wildly inaccurate and negative to those that are more than a little bit true and may even shed positive light upon the group of individuals. They are typically generalizations based on minimal or limited knowledge about a group to which the person doing the stereotyping does not belong. Style Manner of expression; how a speaker or writer says what he says. Suspense The feeling of uncertainty and interest about the outcome of certain actions, most often referring to an audience’s perceptions in a dramatic work. Symbolism When an author uses an object or idea to suggest more than its literal meaning. A person, place, or event stands for something other than it is, usually something broader or deeper than it is. Symbols In general terms, anything that stands for something else. Obvious examples are flags, which symbolize a nation; the cross is a symbol for Christianity; Uncle Sam a symbol for the United States. In literature, a symbol is expected to have significance. Keats starts his ode with a real nightingale, but quickly it becomes a symbol, standing for a life of pure, unmixed joy; then before the end of the poem it becomes only a bird again. Synecdoche When one uses a part to represent the whole. â€Å"Lend me your ears.† (give me your attention) Syntax The way in which linguistic elements (as words) are put together Theme (1) The abstract concept explored in a literary work; (2) frequently recurring ideas, such as enjoy life while you can; (3) repetition of a meaningful element in a work, such as references to sight, vision and blindness in Oedipus Rex. Sometimes the theme is also called the motif. Themes in Hamlet include the nature of filial duty and the dilemma of the idealist in a non-ideal situation. A theme in Keats’s â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† is the difficulty of correlating the ideal and the real. Tone The writer’s attitude toward the material and/or readers. Tone may be playful, formal, intimate, angry, serious, ironic, outraged, baffled, tender, serene, depressed, etc. Tragedy A story that presents courageous individuals who confront powerful forces within or outside themselves with a dignity that reveals the breadth and depth of the human spirit in the face of failure, defeat, and even death. Tragedies recount an individual’s downfall; they usually begin high and end low. Shakespeare is known for his tragedies, including Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, and Hamlet. The revenge tragedy is a well-established type of drama that can be traced back to Greek and Roman plays, particularly through the Roman playwright Seneca (c. 3 b.c.–a.d. 63). Revenge tragedies basically consist of a murder that has to be avenged by a relative of the victim. Typically, the victim’s ghost appears to demand revenge and, invariably, madness of some sort is worked into subsequent events, which ultimately end in the deaths of the murderer, the avenger and a number of other characters. Shakespeare’s Hamlet subscribes to the basic ingredients of revenge tragedy . It also transcends these conventions because Hamlet contemplates revenge, suicide and the meaning of life itself. The tragic irony is found in tragedies such as Oedipus Rex, in which Oedipus ironically ends up hunting himself. A story that presents courageous individuals who confront powerful forces within or outside themselves with a dignity that reveals the breadth and depth of the human spirit in the face of failure, defeat, and even death. Tragic irony is a form of dramatic irony found in tragedies such as Oedipus Rex, in which Oedipus ironically ends up hunting himself.. Tragic flaw An error or defect in the tragic hero that leads to his downfall, such as greed, pride, or ambition. This flaw may be a result of bad character, bad judgment, an inherited weakness, or any other defect of character. Tragicomedy A type of drama that combines certain elements of tragedy and comedy. The play’s plot tends to be serious, leading to a terrible catastrophe, until an unexpected turn of events leads to a reversal of circumstance, and the story ends happily. Tragicomedy often employs a romantic, fast-moving plot dealing with love, jealousy, disguises, treachery, intrigue, and surprises, all moving toward a melodramatic resolution. Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice is a tragicomedy. Understatement (also known as litotes and meiosis) Casual or light treatment of the subject, it has two effects: (1) shows that the author does not take a subject seriously, (2) calls upon the moral indignation of the reader because the subject does not seem to be taken seriously. * Example: â€Å"I’m really glad that you have come to visit,† said the spider to the fly. Verisimilitude Something that has the appearance of being true or real. Vernacular The everyday or common language of a geographic area or the native language of commoners in a country as opposed to a prestigious dead language maintained artificially in schools or in literary texts. Latin, for instance, has not been a vernacular language for about 1250 years. Sanskrit has not been a vernacular language in India for more than 2000 years. However, Latin in medieval Europe and Sanskrit in ancient India were considered much more suitable for art, scholarship, poetry, and religious texts than the common tongue of everyday people even though (or perhaps because) only a small percentage of the learned could read the older languages.

Financing the Mozal Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financing the Mozal Project - Essay Example Along with the great benefits of the project there are also risks factors associated with its implementation. Some of the risk factors that must be considered in the business plan of a project are recurring revenue, economic uncertainty, and liquidity (Bizkanal). Mozambique is a high risk country due to a variety of factors. Among 20 African nations the country ranks last in road infrastructure, completion of secondary school, and legal effectiveness. It also ranks second to last in openness to trade and time spent to obtain permits. These factors make the country a difficult sell to foreign investors. Another major risk in the region is the political factor. The country is recovering from the effects of a civil war that lasted 17 years. There are still political tensions and bitterness between the Frelimo and Renamo parties. A risk that can inhibit the profitability and success of the project is a decline in the market price of aluminum in the future. The price of electricity is a d eterminant of the plant’s competitive position. Some of the key partners of the Mozal project are Alusaf, the government of Mozambique, Eskom, Electricidade de Mucambique (EdM), trustee responsible for the administrative duties, lenders, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Alusaf is the company that will own and administer the project. The company is a subsidiary of the Gencor Group. In 1996 Alusaf generated net income of $41.7 million. The company has the vision of expanding the firm through the Mozal project. The risk of acquiring its primary raw material, alumina, will be naturally hedged by fixing the prices based on LME. Eskom and Electricidade de Mucambique will supply the project with all the electricity it needs for production. The government of Mozambique is an important partner that must invest in improving the infrastructure of the country as well as honor the economic incentives and tariff exemptions available in the Industrial Free Zones. These factors wil l provide the company with a competitive advantage. The risk of the government bailing out and breaking the agreements is low because the government desperately needs the income and jobs the project generates. The trustee will be responsible of collecting sales proceeds, paying debt, remitting expenses, and paying dividends. The International Monetary Fund is a key partner because it has the capacity to provide large funds of money. Getting its approval would help the company obtain more financing from the private sector. The risk of the IMF are minimized by performing a throughout evaluation of projects to ensure its sustainability and that it provides an economic benefit for the community. There are several key factors to the success of the Mozal project. One of those factors is the ability of the company to develop and manage its human resources adequately. The management of human resources starts in the construction phase of the project. The company plans to bring experienced ma nagers and skilled workers from South America during the initial phases of the project. It is imperative to properly manage the construction phase of the project. The firm is responsible for the work performance of a construction crew composed of 5,000 workers. The timeliness and the ability of the firm of completing the project within budget are highly dependent on being able to motivate the workers to perform at a high level. A second factor

The case of Powell v. Alabama (1932) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The of Powell v. Alabama (1932) - Case Study Example The jury was composed solely of white people who did not represent any interest on the part of the black men. (â€Å"Powell v. Alabama (1932)†, n.d.) The legal representatives of the accused were convinced that their clients were done a disservice by the state courts and decided to appeal their case before the U.S. Supreme Court where they called the validity of the sentences into question based upon the way the case was handled in court. The main issues they wished to have the court resolve (Powell v. Alabama, n.d.) boiled down to the following: Although the Alabama Supreme Court, where the appeal was first filed, had ruled on a count of 6-1 that the jury trial was fair and impartial, the defense refused to accept this decision and brought the case all the way up to the United States Supreme Court. â€Å"Where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable of making his own defense†¦ it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him as a necessary requisite of due process of law; and that duty is not discharged by an assignment at such a time or under such circumstances as to preclude the giving of effective aid in the preparation and trial of the case.† Based upon the aforementioned argument, it became very clear that there was a miscarriage of justice in Powell v. Alabama as evidenced by the way the counsel for the defense was withheld until only a few hours before the trial was to begin. This act prevented the accused from receiving due counsel and an effective and well prepared defense in the process. It was therefore the opinion of the Supreme Court that the 14th Amendment was violated and the sentences of the accused were overturned. It was the opinion of the court that due to the hostile circumstances existing in Alabama, accompanied by the illiterate status of the accused, isolation from their families,

Business Ethics & Corporate Social Responsibility Case Study

Business Ethics & Corporate Social Responsibility - Case Study Example One moral standard is core ethical values. The first component of core ethical values is trustworthiness. The recall and transparency in dealing with the crisis was effective in restoring the trust and confidence of consumers. The second component of core ethical values is responsibility. McCain took an important step in affirming that Maple Leaf was assuming full responsibility for the Listeria situation. The third component of core ethical values is caring. After realizing that Listeria had caused 21 deaths, Maple Leaf recalled its products. This is because the company did not want to be the cause of any more deaths in Canada. McCain said that if he had known in advance that Listeria in the meat products would cause 22 deaths, he would have taken all measures to save those lives. The fourth component of core ethical values is citizenship. As of 2009, Maple Leaf was following the new Listeria policy that was set up by the federal government. Because Listeria is ubiquitous in the env ironment, Maple Leaf has also taken measures to educate people about the fact that Listeria is resident in most processed foods, and as such it is important to boost one’s immune system as this is the basic way to fight the routine exposure to Listeria. The second moral standard is relativism. Maple Leaf failed to report that Listeria had been detected in their products as early as March 2007. This is because, unlike other meat processing plants, Maple Leaf felt confident because the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) kept approving their products. The spokeswoman for Maple Leaf, Linda Smith, felt confident that if the USDA did not sanction the company, then any Listeria that had been detected was manageable and there was no need to cause mass panic. The third moral standard is egoism. Instead of focusing on the 22 people who had died from Listeria and the numerous sick people who consumed Listeria-infected products, Maple Leaf was more

HEALTH PROGRAM EVALUATION (Impact Evaluation and Accountability CASE Research Paper

HEALTH PROGRAM EVALUATION (Impact Evaluation and Accountability CASE 4) - Research Paper Example GAO supports the senate in curbing errors of federal processes in healthcare through reporting on the progress of health standards. Furthermore, it enhances performance analysis in policies and drawing choices for senate objectives, auditing operations of the organization to conclude whether state funds are subject to appropriate organization. Indeed, it equally looks into improper and unlawful allegations and issues legitimate verdicts like information about agency rules. Most of GAO’s responsibilities in the State healthcare programs base on organizational planning objective one, which is offering well timed and excellence services to U.S senate. It also ensures that the State government handles current issues for their well-being and financial safety of American people. For example, FY2007, GAO delivered information which helped in coming up with ways of solving problems that were disabling the provision of services to the injured veterans and soldiers (Dodaro, 2010). The organizations well-known products comprises of lawful choices and views, reports, special publications and testimonies. In addition, the GAO suggests solutions to problems that evident in government programs; they detect long-term developments and raise concerns on the fiscal status of the state. Among its latest distinctive report is the 21st period challenge, which was about reexamining Federal government base. The report’s aim was to assist the U.S in the review and deliberation of State spending and tax programs in healthcare spending. GAO also analyses and monitors the changes involved in lasting fiscal outlook, consequences of healthcare and demographic costs and other fiscal commitments in the state (Dodaro, 2010). Evaluation process exudes various challenges. Apart from timeliness, quality and relevance that evaluation entails, the main challenge is in conveying of evaluation outcomes to audiences participating in

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Project Management - Essay Example Enterprise holdings has positioned itself as one of the leading transport companies in the world but is facing increasing competition. This calls for constantly enhancing the capacity of its workforce so that they can deliver quality services that exceed the customer’s expectations and overcome the challenges in the transport industry. Objectives The following objectives will guide the project team in achieving the mission of this this project and ultimately contributing to the success of Enterprise holdings at different phases of the project implementation cycle: 1. To review and evaluate current training in the Northwest. 2. To develop and expand the training initiative to all branches of Enterprise holdings in the United Kingdom. 3. To develop an effective training curriculum and training programmes to be used by Enterprise holdings in the United Kingdom. 4. To train all Enterprise holdings staff on emerging trends in the transport industry. While these are the pre-set obje ctives, the successful implementation of the project could also lead to other unforeseen objectives and benefits. Stakeholder analysis A project of this magnitude requires the participation of qualified personnel from outside the company with the necessary expertise and experience. ... Participating in monitoring and evaluating the success of the employee training program. Trainers Developing the training content as well as facilitating the training of employees Enterprise holdings Provision of training venues and equipment as well as financing the training exercise. Professionals in the transport industry Identification of aspects of emerging trends and practises in the industry that the staff need to be trained on. Employees To identify areas where they need to be trained on and to attend the training sessions. Project coordinator Leading the project team in planning, implementing and monitoring the training exercise. Also documents and reports on project activities. External monitoring and evaluation expert In collaboration with the project team, he will assist in determining if the objectives of the project have been met and making recommendations on areas that may require additional training. All the identified stakeholders will be contacted in time and will b e engaged in developing the implementation plan for the project. Measuring success Regular assessments will be made to know if the project is on course to achieving its goals. A combination of tools and techniques such as observation check list, questionnaires and interview guides will be used in determining the success of the program. The success of the employee training programs will be measured through a monitoring and evaluation exercise at different stages of the project. This will make it necessary for appropriate modifications to be made on the project implementation if it is determined that the project is not on course to achieving its goals and

Future of Modernization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future of Modernization - Essay Example Even though every society has a specific logic, some of the viewpoint matches; the outcomes of good and bad deeds, a constant change in the technological world with an ever increasing rate and even for the fact about society’s evolution. Two kinds of societies emerge in the post-industrial revolution era; those who put a heavy burden to find ways to match steps with the currently affluent counter parts or be lost in the race of whole mankind, like a forgotten equation. The development of modernization is different in different scenarios mainly due to a vast difference in the ways of governance, environment, enlightenment and other institutions. This paper discusses the modernization process in the United States society. Furthermore, the idea of an evolved modernization, aftermath of modernization and my ideas about the modernization in this country will be argued. Many people in U.S.A argue that the industrial revolution had a fresh effect on the society, which in turn dented many communities, economic manifest and institutional changes all across America. Modernization has injected itself in the American society from various angles which has proven to be an electric chair for small and traditional ways of living. It has also brought a massive expansion in personal opinions, social disparity, future planning and knowledge of passing time. The small rural communities were known for their coherent living for thousands of years, before modernization brought a steep decline to this fragrance of the American society. This close set-up was mainly due to the close inter-relationship between friends, families and neighbors. These were times when people relied on each other without any fear of misjudgment, just because they shared the same wall. These communities played a vital role in giving the people a sense of identity, security, identity and purpose (Neitz, 2009). Saying all of the above, one should not get carried away with what used to be because these soc ieties for all the closeness, had their fair share of issues; like minimum choices and conveniences, as compared to the modern society people. The old system of living is outdated now in this present age, with villages and small towns being tourist attractions for those who want to see a glimpse of the foregone lifestyle, its simplicity and non-complexity. An acute volume of attention is on agriculture, which has always been a heavy burden on the rural American areas. Therefore a lot of country men had to travel to the cities in the hunt of jobs, since more financial benefits have been based on the corporate economy, unlike the economy of the past, which heavily relied on agriculture in the past. The modification, as a result of the changing economic tilt, has brought a huge difference in the lives of the American citizens. The difference is such that, the people have forcefully adopted non-rural ways to live for survival. A strong observation can be made, one which defines that the post-industrial revolution society has killed the traditional ways and cultures of the past. Although a strong argument is presented to rebut this fact that the modern society has brought more options, life control to individuals as compared to the people in the pre-modern society, who had fewer choices in the areas of personal thinking. Development in the field of individual preference is another plus point of the modernization in U.S.A. The new order of modern society advertises an

A Solution to childhood obesity in Australia Essay Example for Free

A Solution to childhood obesity in Australia Essay It is essential that through government and community participation, we develop, establish and integrate safe strategies to tackle the ever increasing problem of childhood obesity. Australia is rapidly turning into a nation of fat kids. One in every five youngsters is now designated as overweight or obese, living a life prone to cardiovascular and health problems along with risks to there mental state and general well being. Studies conducted by The Australian Diabetes, obesity and lifestyle council indicate that poor self-esteem and confidence has also been associated with obesity and almost doubles the chances of depression. Education Queensland also associates obesity with poor academic performance, un-developed motor skills and coordination. Obesity is a killer, not only causing serious long term medial problems, but costing the taxpayer over a billion dollars each year. Something must be done. If we dont act on this problem NOW, then it is predicted by 2020 that 65% of adolescents will be overweight or obese. There are so many reasons to exercise, so many benefits of leading a healthy lifestyle. In todays media conscious world we hear bout them, read bout them and are told about them almost everyday. So why do we continually ask the question.. why is Australias youth becoming increasingly overweight and unfit? There is a simple reason behind this staggering truth, a recent study found that 80 percent of adolescence did very little or no exercise- daily activities such as walking to school, physical education classes, after school activities, chores and general playing have been replaced with a sedentary lifestyle in front of the TV, computer or video games. Together we need to develop, establish and integrate safe program that offers adolescents of all ages the opportunity to engage in physical activity that enhances work, recreation and sports enjoyment and performance. For you see Im not going to let another child go through the pain, torture and humiliation I suffered in my childhood years. Let me tell you a story For the majority of my primary years I was called fattie. I weighed about a 130 kilos, had a double chin, a bulging gut, fat hanging from every direction and for this physical appearance I truly copped it. Undoubtedly, my years at primary school probably werent like your days, fun-filled or joyful, my days were filled with tears, pain and suffering. Every single day of my life from years four to seven were filled with name calling and pranks. Not a day went by that I didnt get singled out, harassed or bullied. Day after day, second after second I was being called fat boy, fattie, go have another cheese burger. It tore away my confidence and squashed my self esteem. I missed out on what people describe as some of the best years of your life, I gave up rugby, soccer and swimming not because I didnt enjoy it, but instead because every time I went to training or a game I felt alone inadequate. How would you like it if you life was like this day after day, , minute after minute? Do you think youd be sitting where you are today?, This heart break, pain and torture was caused by one thing obesity. I was so sick of been harassed, singled out I searched for a solution. Three months later, after living on a diet that consisted of egg white, protein shakes and salad and an hours exercise. I was a new person, sixty kilos lighter. But the psychological issues were still there, I became ever more unconfident, depressed and unsure of myself. I became addicted to the gym, going twice or three times a day and even took growth hormones and steroids to gain peoples acceptance. The cycle kept on going, until it got to the point where it got to much, the body couldnt handle it, I couldnt handle.. and I found myself in hospital. Childhood obesity isnt simply, an issue of been fat, it plays with the mind and heart. Together, we need to develop, establish and integrate safe program that allows youths of all shapes and sizes the chance to identify the physiological reason as why they are overweight, the opportunity to be involved with whatever physical activity they find fun, and motivate and  support them to lead a healthy and active life in a safe manner. Something needs to be done. It is essential that through political and social streams, an alliance is formed to tackle the ever increasing problems of childhood obesity. With government funding, a program can be developed that that permanently changes basic eating and exercise habits. This will be achieved by identifying the key emotional issues that are instrumental in the adolescent becoming overweight. Allowing children from all socio-economic backgrounds the opportunity to take up physical activity such as soccer or rugby and be in a supportive atmosphere were dietians, physiologist and mentors are available. Such a program can be integrated within the current school time table or take place as an after school care activity. By establishing and integrating such a program that approaches the problems of childhood obesity from every angle, we can hopefully help those one in five suffers. Studies by Fitness Australia, illustrate that Youth receiving additional physical activity tend to show improved attributes such as increased brain function and nourishment, higher energy/concentration levels, changes in body build affecting increased self-esteem and better behaviour which may all support cognitive learning. If this is not enough to convince you, then think bout it from your own perspective, would you like to be teased and tormented everyday, live in a world of depression, where you simply dont think you match up? As Martin Luther King once said I am not sure I would have wanted my children to live a life of torment and abuse, so I dared to stop it. Together, we can turn Australia into a nation of healthy, lean, happy and confident children, that are on top of the world.

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant G T Yusuf, MA Raimi, O.E Alaje  and AK Kazeem Abstract The undoped ZnO, Al doped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO films were deposited by a sol-gel spin coating method onto the glass substrates. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) was prepared. Equal quantity of Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution to serve as dopants. The effect of Aluminum and Magnesium doping on the optical ZnO films was studied. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). The optical band gap of pure ZnO thin film is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. All film parameters changed with dopant types. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. Keywords: Band gap; Doping; Films; Transmittance. Introduction In this Zinc oxide is an II-VI n-type semiconductor with band gap of approximately 3.3 eV at room temperature and a hexagonal wurtzite structure [1]. Recently, doped zinc oxide thin films have been widely studied for their application as conducting electrode materials in flat-panel displays or solar devices. Unlike the more commonly used indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide is a non-toxic and inexpensive material [1]. Furthermore, pure zinc oxide films are highly transparent in the visible range (light wavelength of 400-700 nm) and have high electrical conductivity. However, non-stoichiometric or impurity (Group III elements or Group IV elements) doped zinc oxide films have electrical conductivities as well as high optical transparent. Non-stoichiometric zinc oxide films have unstable electrical properties at high temperature because the sheet resistance of ZnO thin films increases under either oxygen chemisorptions and desorption [9] or heat treatment in vacuum or in ambient oxygen pressure at 3000C-4000C [27]. Turning to impurity doped ZnO thin films, unlike non-stoichiometric ZnO thin films, impurity doped ZnO thin films possess stable electrical and optical properties. Among the zinc oxide films doped with group II elements such as barium, aluminum, gallium and indium, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films show the lowest electrical resistivity [11]. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) has a low resistivity of 2.4Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [11-13], which is quite similar to that of ITO films, which is about 1.2Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [14-16] and AZO also shows good optical transmission in the visible and near infrared (IR) regions. Thus, AZO films have been used as transparent conducting electrodes in solar cells [16, 8]. In addition to doping with Group III elements, doping ZnO with Group IV elements such as [9, 10] Ge, Sn, Ti, Si is also a good way to obtain low resistivity transparent materials in order to replace ITO because Ge, Ti, Zr could substitute on the Zn atom site. For example, Sn can serve as a doubly ionized donor with the incorporation of SnO2 as a solute in ZnO and, consequently, provide a high electron carrier concentration. It is, therefore, expected that the Sn doped ZnO (SZO) will have a higher electrical conductivity and better field emission properties compared with undoped ZnO [10]. A variety of techniques such as DC or RF magnetron sputtering [2], electron beam evaporation [19,20], pulsed laser deposition [21], spray pyrolysis [22,23], chemical vapor deposition [24] and sol–gel processing [25–34,5] have successfully been developed to prepare zinc oxide thin films. Among them, the sol–gel spin coating method is simpler and cost effective. Traditionally, AZO films prepared by this method follow the non-alkoxide route, using metal salts such as acetates, nitrates or chlorides as precursor and dopant, respectively. In addition, organic solvent, such as methanol [20,21], ethanol [16], isopropanol [14], methoxyethanol [11], ethyl glycol and glycerol [10] are widely employed by introducing monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as stabilizer [10,11,30]. Recently, few studies had reported on the growth of the ZnO thin films with different dopants using sol gel spin coating technique. Therefore, the aim of this research works however is to study the optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films using different dopants with locally fabricated sol gel spin coating technique. Experimental The films have been deposited onto the glass substrates at 400  °C substrate temperature. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) were prepared and divided into three portions. Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution as dopants. A few drops of acetic acid were added to improve the clarity of solution. The concentration of dopants (aluminum chloride AlCl3 ·6H2O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg (NO3)2.6H2O and was 3% and kept constant for all experiments. The starting solutions were mixed thoroughly with magnetic stirrer and filtered by WHATMAN filter paper. The solutions were then spin coated on glass substrates which have been procleaned with detergent and then in methanol and acetone for 10min each using ELA 110277248E/2510E-MT ultrasonic cleaner and then cleaned with de ionized water and heated on hot plate for 600C. The coating solutions were dropped onto the glass substrate which was rotated at 4000rpm 45 each by using Ws- 400 Bz – 6NPP/AS spin coater. After depositing by spin coating, the films were then dried at 3000C for 15minutes in a furnace to evapourate the solvent and remove organic residuals. The optical and electrical properties of the films at each time were investigated. The films were then inserted into a tube furnace and annealed in air at 7500C for 1 hour each. The optical transmission and reflectance of the films were examined by spectrophotometer ranging from 400 to 1000nm. The transmittance T and reflectance R data was used to calculate absorption coefficients of the AZO films at different wavelengths. The relationship between transmittance T, reflectance R, absorption coefficient, ÃŽ ±, and thickness d of the film is given by equation (1). (1) The absorption coefficient data was used to determine energy band gap, Eg , using equation (2). (2) Where is the photon energy, A is a constant thus, a plot of against is a curve line whose intercept on the energy axis gives the energy gap. The band energy gap of the film was then determined by extrapolating the linear regions on the energy axis. The absorption coefficient,, associated with the strong absorption region of the film was calculated from absorbance A and the film thickness, t, using (3). (3) The extinction coefficient, k, was evaluated from (4) (4) Where the wavelength of the incident radiation and, t is, is the thickness of the film. The crystal phase of the films was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The refractive index of the films was determined from the maxima and minima of the reflectance curve. (5) Where n is the refractive index, d is the film thickness (nm), is the wavelength (nm) of the incident light, and k is the interference order (an odd integer for maxima and even integer for minima). Results The crystal structure of ZnO films was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction spectrum of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO film annealed at 7500C with prominent reflection planes is shown in figure 1.The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO patterns from the JCPDS data (Powder Diffraction File, Card no: 36-1451) having hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã….The presence of prominent peaks shows that the film is polycrystalline in nature. The lattice constants ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the Wurtzite structure of the films were calculated using the relations (6) and (7). a= √à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å".ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(6) c= ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(7) Figure 2 shows the optical transmittance spectra of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO thin films in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The overall spectra shows an emission band with two obvious peaks, where the first peak, the UV peak which also called the emission or near band edge emission contributed to the free exciton recombination [18]. The second broad peak, also known as the green emission corresponds to the recombination of a photon generated hole with an electron in singly ionized [18]. Figure 1: X-ray diffraction patterns for ZnO thin film for aluminum and magnesium dopants The optical absorbance spectrum measured within the wavelength range of 300–800 nm using a Shimadzu Spectrophotometer is shown in figure 3. Figure 2: Optical Transmittance of the films for aluminum and magnesium dopants Approximately, the band gap alteration of the thin film can be deduced from Figure 3. Here, it evidently shows that changes in the absorption edges are in parallel with types of dopant in the thin film. In order to appropriately estimate the optical band gap equation (2) was used. The presence of a single slope in the plot suggests that the films have direct and allowed transition. It is also well known that ZnO is a direct band-gap material [1] and the energy gap (Eg) can thus be estimated by assuming direct transition between conduction band and valance bands. Theory of optical absorption gives the relationship between the absorption coefficients ÃŽ ± and the photon energy hÃŽ ½ for direct allowed transition as shown in (2) The direct band gap determined using this equation when linear portion of the (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ plot is extrapolated to intersect the energy axis at ÃŽ ± = 0. Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ for undoped, Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are shown in f igure 3. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect [2-5]. For AZO films, compared to pure ZnO films, the contribution from Al3+ ions on substitution sites of Zn2+ ions and Al interstitial atoms determines the widening of the band gap caused by increase in carrier concentration. This is the well-known Burstein–Moss effect and is due to the Fermi level moving into the conduction band. Since doping increases the carrier concentration in the conduction band, the optical band-gap energy increases [2]. Enhancement of band gap thus also ensures that doping was successfully carried out in the ZnO thin films. It is further observed in our present work that an increase in band gap occurs in Mg- doped film as compared with ZnO and Al-ZnO thin films. The absorption properties of the films in UV range are due to the behaviour of ZnO intrinsic optical band gap energy. An absorption coefficient in the UV region significantly varies with types of dopant used. The result suggests improvement in the optical absorption in the UV region with nature of dopant, which provides useful information especially in the optoelectronic devices and device fabrication. . Figure 3: Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 vs. photon energy (in eV) for aluminum and magnesium as dopants Conclusions Transparent conducting thin films (ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO) have been deposited by sol–gel spin coating technique. The optical properties of these films were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO structural patterns is that of hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã…. The optical transmittance spectra in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm shows that all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. References [1] N Choudhury and B K Sarma, Bull. Matter. Sci. 32, 43 (2000) [2] E Burstein, Phys. Rev. 93, 632 (1954). [3] T S Moss, Proc. Phys. Soc. London B67, 775 (1954). [4] B E Sernelius, K F Berggren, Z C Jin, I Hamberg and C Granqvist, Phys. Rev. B37, 10244 (19 88). [5] R Cebulla, R Wendt and K Ellmer, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 1087 (1998). [6] B C Mohanty, Y H Jo, D H Yeon, I J Choi and Y S Cho, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 62103 (2009). [7] S Gota, J R R Barrado, M Sanchez, N T Barrett, J Avila and M Sacchi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86,042104 (2005). [8] W Tang and D C Cameron, Thin Solid Films 238, 83 326 (1994). [9] Gà ¶pel, W. and U. Lampe, Influence of defects on the electronic structure of zinc oxide surfaces. Physical Review B, 22(12): 1980p. 6447. [10] Minami, T., H. Nanto, and S. Takata, Highly Conductive and Transparent Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 23(Part 2, No. 1): p. L280. [11] Igasaki, Y. and H. Saito, The effects of deposition rate on the structural and electrical Properties of ZnO: Al films deposited on (112à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ bar 0) oriented sapphire substrates. Journal of Applied Physics, 1991. 70(7): p. 3613à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3619. [12] Minami, T., et al.., Group III Impurity Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 24(Part 2, No. 10): p. L781. [13] Kim, H., et al.., Effect of aluminum doping on zinc oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser Deposition for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Thin Solid Films, 2000. 377à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 378: p. 798à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 802. [14] Kim, H., et al.., Indium tin oxide thin films for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. 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Operations Management Assignment Concept Design Services

Operations Management Assignment Concept Design Services Concept Design Services (CDS), Linda Fleet, marketing director of CDS is working with design house, providing end-to-end product design, manufacturing and high-quality designer goods distribution integrated service provider. All three types of operations management responsibilities have been working, the implementation of CDS which helps them succeed. Direct responsibility, is directly related to the service and delivery of products and production activities. Before that, they used to do industrial moldings as aerospace and some cheap household goods. According to Linda fleet management, they found that they could also become one of the main advantages of high produce profitable business. They all went to the companys customer service, so retain revenue customers and win new customers the ability to contribute. Indirect responsibility is involved in activities with other parts of the CDS interact. However, CDS new products need more complex mechanical and longer working hours. As the company grows, enlarged the demand for their products, operations management is to achieve time efficiency is very important. This is crucial, because it makes the right production plan through coordination between sales, manufacturing activities and design. Promote the companys costs, so if effectively managed, can reduce the cost of the entire enterprise. Broad responsibilities involve scanning is a political environment, social and business in which the existence of the organization is to understand the broader context of its mission. In its production process and the complexity of delivering services require good management, if they are to meet their customers needs time to succeed. Through proper operation and management, stock appeared greatly accurately forecast sales lead to lower delivery costs reduced. If managed properly, could damage the product and customer traffic adversely affect the companys reputation. In any case, the role of operations management can be highlighted by achieving business goals. Minimize costs, maximize revenue and avoid excessive investment, and the development of future innovation capacity. Operating performance objective is to ensure the proper operation of resource allocation, there are performance necessary to monitor, review the operation and record. A solution role in this process is the performance that relates to the internal and external factors that are associated with the appropriate measures to identify administrative competitiveness. This enables organizations to describe performance goals to measure its results of operations of the five basic operations are performance objective are quality, speed, reliability, flexibility and cost. Quality is very important in our list of performance objective, as many authorities believe it is the most important. The meaning of quality is a service and product, as it should be. In other words, it is consistent with its specification. CDS external influences customers complain less, this will make it easier for customers and good quality satisfaction. This brings more revenue CDS. If the CDS high quality consistency for all business processes and activities will progress is being made very few mistakes. This usually means that, CDS costs are saved, and increased reliability of the response speed increases. Speed is saying responsiveness of speed shorthand. This means that the external or internal customer requests a product or service, and they get it to the interval. CDS external speed is important, because it helps to quickly respond to customers. This is usually a positive consumer will be more prospective to return with more business observation. Sometimes it is possible to charge a higher price when the service is fast. Have a great impact on the speed of the internal relationship between cost reduction will mean faster throughput customers reduce costs. When the material system in the long hang around, as well as more opportunities for them to get lost. Dependability refers to the time customers receive their products or services on. External Dependability is generally considered a good thing by the customer. Of course, late delivery of goods and services can be considerable stimulus customers. CDS can guarantee its sustainability and success is also equipped with an increase in customers provide more opportunities for companies and of brands CDS return. CDS internal reliability is to save time, save money directly and through a CDS stability to enable it to improve its efficiency. Flexibility always means to change the operation in some way. Flexibility subdivided into different types of products or services flexibility , delivery flexibility, mix flexibility, volume flexibility. For external flexibility to benefit CDS, CDS they can let consumers to customize their new product or service and they want to deliver by the CDS. It also allows CDS to make a huge number of products or services in order to reduce costs. (Slack, 2007). It allows the internal impact of CDS, to meet our customers faster response in dealing maintain the reliability of the change based on market demand and contribute to the provision of goods and CDS save time and money. First, the cost structure of different company can vary significantly. Note how the costs of different types of four different examples. Second, and most important, the other four performance objective are caused by internal, to reduce costs. CDS must manage their own products, a large number of products produced. It can save more costs, it can make more profit. Price is very important for each customer. If cheap, you can get good quality products, every customer will buy as much as they can. Volume: It is considered high. While this case study does not specify the amount of production, it can be inferred yield. Another sign of mass production is, CDS from its key line subcontract to other mounding company, so they can focus on producing its own concept. Variety: It considers the reasons for the high cause CDS market is a highly competitive, innovative design which determines the corporate life. CDSs capacity of develop products that are stylish, and its adaptability to change, because change is the key to the fashion business survival. Change: It also believes that the reasons for the high variety, CDS is forced to continue to produce innovative design, will retain their customers are interested in, and therefore maintain a high demand for the same reason. Visibility: You can consider is the high and low. When there is the visible part of the operation of final product I do not think theyll like this better if they insist they know best plastic molding, specializing in it, which makes standardized speed up production processes and reduce their unit costs. In operation, I believe that if they separate from other business cooperation activities, but mainly decided to do or from a central executive body, it works to their advantage. This is because, through the provision of priority, designers, which caused delays and friction within the company as well as to customers waiting. For the CDS must also improve their business, they need to develop a more accurate and reliable sales forecasts in order to achieve : higher utilization , better customer service and cost savings. Provide cross-training between designers and marketing departments in order to improve sales forecasting additional activities can be carried out. From product testing to scheduling and forecasting work closely with all aspects of those unit costs will be reduced, because the waste reduction will be minimal, and provide feedback to the designer. This will let them know what the feedback of marketing products out there getting greetings, EM brass and what is and what is not. The company seems to be more and more clients from a narrow El has been re -based accounts, which is why the separation operation, so that more concentration should be placed on them to ensure they select and hire guaranteed, and tell them they are a priority for some can easily change their states that its operation is visible, but not to their satisfaction. As for the other part of the normal activities of daily orders and can be set to meet the flexibility and scope of these commands so that you can request from that seems to take longer, so deal with a wider range of color variations speeding customers who may not have weighty order to allow both types of client needs treatment.